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The
following information was generated from the Hazardous Substances Databank
(HSDB), a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov)
on August 18, 2000. Query: Information added from CHEMID: acetic acid Chemid
Name: vosol [64-19-7] Registry Numbers: 64-19-7 1 NAME: ACETIC ACID HSN:
40 RN: 64-19-7 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: WORKERS EXPOSED
FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS TO CONCN OF UP TO 200 PPM HAVE BEEN FOUND TO SUFFER
FROM PALPEBRAL EDEMA WITH HYPERTROPHY OF LYMPH NODES, CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA.
... FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURES, WORKERS MAY COMPLAIN OF DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
WITH PYROSIS AND CONSTIPATION. SKIN ON PALMS OF HANDS ... BECOME DRY, CRACKED
AND HYPERKERATOTIC. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Office, 1983. 37]**PEER REVIEWED** ... STUDIED 5 WORKERS EXPOSED 7-12 YEARS
TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS (80-200 PPM @ PEAK CONCN). THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
WERE BLACKENING & HYPERKERATOSIS OF THE SKIN ... . [Patty, F. (ed.).
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York:
Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1779]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN SENSITIZATION
TO ACETIC ACID IS RARE, BUT HAS OCCURRED. [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers,
1963. 1778]**PEER REVIEWED** /IN/ ... WORKERS EXPOSED FOR 7-12 YR @ CONCN
OF 60 PPM, PLUS 1 HR DAILY @ 100-200 PPM ... /SOME INVESTIGATORS/ FOUND
CONJUNCTIVITIS, BRONCHITIS, PHARYNGITIS, & EROSION OF EXPOSED TEETH
... . [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes
I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 6]**PEER REVIEWED** BOTH /ACETIC/
ACID & ITS ANHYDRIDE ... ARE POTENT LACRIMATORS. [Hamilton, A., and
H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences
Group, Inc., 1974. 349]**PEER REVIEWED** Six patients with frequent episodes
of symptomatic hypotension during acetate dialysis were treated with bicarbonate
dialysis. In all patients, blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial acid-base
values were monitored every 30 min during each of the 5 treatments with
acetate dialysis and bicarbonate dialysis. Hemodynamic parameters were measured
in all patients during bicarbonate dialysis and in three of them also during
acetate dialysis. Long-term monitoring with electroencephalography was performed
during both bicarbonate and acetate dialysis. During acetate dialysis, the
patients showed a frequent onset of sudden hypotension and arrhythmia with
concomitant symptoms of the so-called disequilibrium syndrome. None of these
symptoms were seen during bicarbonate dialysis. /Acetate/ [Hampl H et al;
Artif Organs 6 (4): 410-6 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... As little as 1.0
ml of glacial acetic acid has resulted in perforation of the esophagus.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA
- Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo.
81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.
2]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Unacclimatized humans experience extreme eye and
nasal irritation at concentrations in excess of 25 ppm; conjunctivitis from
concentrations below 10 ppm has been reported. ... Glacial (100%) acetic
acid ... has caused permanent corneal opacification. [Mackison, F. W., R.
S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.,p.
1-2]**PEER REVIEWED** ... A splash of vinegar (4 to 10% acetic acid soln)
in the human eye causes immediate pain and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes
with injury of the corneal epithelium. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff,
and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines
for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Bronchopneumonia
and pulmonary edema may develop following acute overexposure. Chronic exposure
may result in pharyngitis and catarrhal bronchitis. Ingestion, though not
likely to occur in industry, may result in penetration of the esophagus,
bloody vomiting, diarrhea, shock, hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria ... followed
by anuria. [Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** In two patients accidental application of acetic
acid followed very quickly by irrigation with water resulted in immediate
corneal opacification. The corneas cleared sufficiently in a few days to
reveal severe iritis and small pupils fixed by posterior synechias. Regeneration
of the epithelium took many months, but corneal anesthesia and opacity were
permanent. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 39]**PEER REVIEWED** SYMPTOMATOLOGY (AFTER
INGESTION OR SKIN CONTACT): 1) CORROSION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF MOUTH, THROAT,
AND ESOPHAGUS, WITH IMMEDIATE PAIN AND DYSPHAGIA. THE NECROTIC AREAS ARE
AT FIRST GRAYISH WHITE BUT SOON ACQUIRE A BLACKISH DISCOLORATION AND SOMETIMES
A SHRUNKEN OR WRINKLED TEXTURE; THE PROCESS IS DESCRIBED AS A "COAGULATION
NECROSIS." 2) EPIGASTRIC PAIN, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH NAUSEA
AND THE VOMITING OF MUCOID AND "COFFEE-GROUND" MATERIAL. AT TIMES,
GASTRIC HEMORRHAGE MAY BE INTENSE, AND THE VOMITUS THEN CONTAINS FRESH BLOOD.
PROFOUND THIRST. 3) ULCERATION OF ALL MEMBRANES AND TISSUES WITH WHICH THE
ACID COMES IN CONTACT ... . 4) CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE WITH CLAMMY SKIN, WEAK
AND RAPID PULSE, SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS, AND SCANTY URINE. CIRCULATORY SHOCK
IS OFTEN THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH. 5) ASPHYXIAL DEATH DUE TO GLOTTIC
EDEMA. 6) LATE ESOPHAGEAL, GASTRIC AND PYLORIC STRICTURES AND STENOSES,
WHICH MAY REQUIRE MAJOR SURGICAL REPAIR, SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED. SIGNS OF
OBSTRUCTION COMMONLY APPEAR WITHIN A FEW WEEKS BUT MAY BE DELAYED FOR MONTHS
AND EVEN YEARS. PERMANENT SCARS MAY ALSO APPEAR IN THE CORNEA, SKIN AND
OROPHARYNX. 7) UNCORRECTED CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE OF SEVERAL HOURS' DURATION
MAY LEAD TO RENAL FAILURE AND ISCHEMIC LESIONS IN THE LIVER AND HEART. [Gosselin,
R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Long-term exposure can lead to darkening of the skin, erosion of tooth enamel
and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. [Anon; Canadian Centre
for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The use of Silastic Medical Adhesive Type A in the fabrication of facial
prostheses may cause health hazards to the patient and the operator because
of acetic acid emissions. Caution must be exercised to remove acetic acid
vapors from the air and unliberated acetic acid from material applied directly
to the skin. [McElroy TH et al; J Prosthet Dent 53 (1): 86-7 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANIC ACIDS SUCH AS ACETIC ARE STRONG
IRRITANTS BUT SOMEWHAT LESS CORROSIVE THAN THE MINERAL ACIDS. [Gosselin,
R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-10]**PEER REVIEWED**
PURE ACETIC ACID IS TOXIC BY INGESTION, & INHALATION ... . [Sax, N.I.
and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th
ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** A human
poison... . Moderately toxic by various routes. A severe eye and skin irritant.
Human systemic effects by ingestion: changes in the esophagus, ulceration
or bleeding from the small and large intestines. Human systemic irritant
effects and mucous membrane irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties
of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1996. 12]**PEER REVIEWED** Produces burns of the skin. ... Ingestion
may cause severe corrosion of mouth & tract, with vomiting, hematemesis,
diarrhea, circulatory collapse, uremia, death. Chronic exposure may cause
erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, eye irritation ... . [Budavari, S.
(ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.
Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 9]**PEER REVIEWED** A case study
is reported where an individual ingested 200 ml of an 80% solution of acetic
acid. ... Repeated shock due to myocardial infarction and massive intestinal
bleeding led to an organic brain psychosyndrome. [Hakenbeck H et al; Z Urol
Nephrol 77 (5): 311-4 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED** A 37 year old man who worked
as a maintenance fitter developed both reversible airways obstruction and
steroid responsive interstitial pneumonitis after accidental exposure to
glacial acetic acid. He was exposed to a blow back of the acid in a petrochemical
works, and suffered first degree burns on the face and arms. He developed
progressive exertional dyspnea, limiting him to quiet walking on flat areas.
Physical examination revealed burns to the face and arms and inspiratory
basal crackles. Chest radiograph indicated patchy bilateral reticulonodular
infiltration dominantly of the bases. Even after 3 months, there was no
improvement in his condition. Bronchoscopy showed widespread bronchial inflammatory
changes. A doubling of macrophages and a ten fold increase in lymphocytes
were noted which amounted to 34% of the total inflammatory cells. A diffuse,
moderate, mainly mononuclear, interstitial pneumonitis was noted on transbronchial
biopsy. He was treated with high dose nebulized bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
A prompt and sustained improvement was noted in spirometry and clearing
of his chest radiograph. Progress was maintained for at least 18 months.
[Rajan KG, Davies BH; Br J Ind Med 46 (1): 67-68 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two patients admitted after ingestion of 80% acetic acid are described.
Only the first patient developed hemolysis, slight intravascular coagulation
and oliguric kidney insufficiency. They were treated with a nasogastric
tube and total parenteral feeding. During the first week after admission
urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, alanine-aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase
was significantly increased. The patients remained hemodynamically stable
and did not develop fever. The above-mentioned elevated excretions returned
to normal levels. Both patients showed similar patterns of tubular proteinuria.
The observations in the second patient suggest a direct toxic effect of
acetic acid on the proximal tubule of the kidney. [Schardijn GH et al; Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd 133 (11): 556-59 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** The ototoxicity
of an otic drop preparation containing 2% acetic acid and 3% propylene glycol
... was investigated according to measurements of endocochlear potential
and inner ear fluid pH. The application of this preparation to the round
window membrane for 30 minutes caused a depression in endocochlear potential
from 80.5 +/- 2.5 mV (mean +/- SD; n= 6) to 11.7 +/- 7.7 mV, and lowered
inner ear fluid pH from 7.55 +/- 0.09 to 5.06 +/- 0.19 (n= 6) in perilymph
and from 7.52 +/- 0.07 to 5.88 +/- 0.63 (n= 6) in endolymph. Two percent
acetic acid produced similar changes after 30 minutes: endocochlear potential
was reduced from 83.0 +/- 2.2 mV to 34.0 +/- 2.9 mV and endolymphatic pH
from 7.49 +/- 0.04 to 6.83 +/- 0.21 (n= 4). However, the application of
artificial perilymph of pH 4 titrated with hydrochloric acid induced no
significant changes in either endocochlear potential or endolymphatic pH.
[Ideda K, Morizono T; Am J Otolaryngol 10 (6): 382-85 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A 22 year old woman developed anaphylactic reations to pure ethyl alcohol
(ethanol) and an immediate type allergy to acetic acid. Prick tests with
ethyl alcohol, wine, and beer were negative, whereas vinegar and acetic
acid (9.6 and 0.96%) gave +++ reactions. Control tests with acetic acid
in 10 patients yielded negative or (+) reactions to the 9.6% concentration
and negative reactions to the 0.96% concentration. Oral provocation tests
led to severe anaphylaxis with urticaria, facial flushing, itching of the
mucous membranes, hoarseness, dyspnea, tachycardia, and painful uterine
cramps after the ingestion of one ml of ethyl alcohol or 50 ml of beer.
The severe anaphylactic reation after ingestion of as little as one ml of
ethyl alcohol associated with a +++ prick test reaction to acetic acid in
a definitely non-irritating concentration strongly suggests that the patient's
anaphylactic reactions are based on an immediate type allergy to acetic
acid, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol. [Przybilla B, Ring J; Lancet
1 (Feb 26): 483 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** A case study is reported where
an individual ingested 200 ml of an 80% solution of acetic acid. The patient
survived the intoxication by use of hemodialysis and intensive care therapy.
Repeated shock due to myocardial infarction and massive intestinal bleeding
led to an organic brain psychosyndrome. [Hakenbeck H et al; Z Urol Nephrol
77 (5): 311-4 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:
... Eye irritation has been noted at a concentration below 10 ppm. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER
REVIEWED** The vapor of acetic acid is irritating to the eyes and nose,
causing lacrimation and hyperemia. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd
ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 40]**PEER REVIEWED**
Irritating concn: 25 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Strong irritant to skin & tissue. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis,
Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Respiratory irritant [Ellenhorn,
M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
889]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS: The antiseptic ... 0.25% acetic acid
was directly applied to cultured human fibroblasts to quantitatively assess
its cytotoxicity. It was cytotoxic and adversely affected wound healing
in an animal model. Comparison of bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of
serial dilutions indicated that cellular toxicity exceeded its bacterial
potency. ... This experiment provides evidence that 0.25% acetic acid is
unsuitable for use in wound care. [Lineaweaver W, et al; Arch Surg 120 (3):
267-70 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE: EMPLOYMENT & PERIODIC
MEDICAL EXAM SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO ENSURE THAT WORKERS WITH RESP AILMENTS,
SKIN DISORDERS OR KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ARE /PROTECTED FROM EXPOSURE/ TO
ACETIC ACID. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Office, 1983. 38]**PEER REVIEWED** Employees should be screened for history
of ... /chronic respiratory, skin and, eye diseases/ ... which might place
the employee at an increased risk from acetic acid exposure. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER
REVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK: Employees with /chronic respiratory,
skin, or eye disease are/ at increased risk from acetic acid exposure. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER
REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Acetic acid detn in rainwater.
[Gillett RW, Ayers GP; Anal Chim Acta 177: 273-7 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 595,346 workers
(236,213 of these are female) are potentially exposed to acetic acid in
the US(1). Acetic acid occurs ubiquitously and is a normal metabolite in
animals; therefore, the general population is continually exposed to the
compound. Primary routes of exposure to the general population are through
consumption of foods and inhalation of air. Occupational exposure occurs
through inhalation and dermal contact(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational
Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Emission of acetic acid
during extrusion of polyethylene resins was measured as < 0.17 lbs/million
lbs for blown film and blow molding and ranged from < 0.17 to 2.0 lbs/million
lbs for extrusion coating (higher value for extrusion at higher melt temperature)(1).
[(1) Barlow A et al; J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 46: 569-80 (1996)]**PEER
REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in 2 of 12
human milk samples collected from volunteers in four US cities(1). Acetic
acid at 19.9 mg/day was measured from non-specified human emissions(2).
[(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2)
Otson R, Fellin P; in Gas Pollut: Charactization and Cycling. Nriagu JO
(ed), NY,NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** AVERAGE
DAILY INTAKE: AIR INTAKE: Assume ambient atmospheric concns of 0.1-1.6 ug/cu
m(1); 2-32 ug/day; WATER INTAKE: insufficient data; FOOD INTAKE: insufficient
data(SRC). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT
COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided
here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE
FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR
TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver,
Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution
of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex'
copyrights and is strictly prohibited. The following Overview, *** ACIDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o INGESTION - Oral ingestion may produce mild to moderately severe oral and esophageal burns with more severe burns occurring in the stomach. Perforations are rare but may occur. The pyloric end of the stomach is most severely affected and is the site of delayed stricture occurring generally at 3 weeks after the ingestion. 1. Initial signs and symptoms may not reliably predict the extent of injury to the gastrointestinal tract. o DERMAL - Severe dermal burns may occur with dermal exposure. Complications seen with dermal burns include cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis, and systemic toxicity from absorbed acid. Chromic acid burns can result in systemic toxicity. o INHALATION - Inhalation of acid vapors, mists or aerosols may result in dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, bronchospasm, pneumonitis, tracheobronchitis and persistent pulmonary function abnormalities. Pulmonary dysfunction similar to asthma has been reported. o EYE - Irritation may develop after exposure to mists, aerosols or vapors. Splash contact may cause corneal erosions. HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Eye exposure may result in pain, swelling, corneal erosions and blindness. CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Cardiovascular collapse may develop soon after severe poisonings. Cardiac ischemia may occur after several hours of uncorrected circulatory collapse. RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Exposure to acids may produce dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, bronchospasm, pneumonitis, and persistent pulmonary function abnormalities. Airway hyperreactivity has also been reported. 1. The onset of respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours. NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Abnormal neuropsychologic function has been reported following hydrochloric acid exposure from a leaking tanker truck. GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Ingestion of acids may result in burns, gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, perforations, dilation, edema, necrosis, vomiting, stenosis, fistula, and duodenal/jejunal injury. HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Systemic toxicity may result in acute hepatic injury. Hepatic injury has been reported following chronic exposure to chromic acid. GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Renal failure is a rare complication of severe poisonings. Hemoglobinuria may develop secondary to hemolysis. Nephritis may develop after hydrochloric acid ingestion. ACID-BASE 0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Metabolic acidosis may be noted following significant acid ingestion and may be due to systemic absorption of acid. Acidosis may also be secondary to severe chemical burns and shock. FLUID-ELECTROLYTE 0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Massive fluid and electrolyte shifts may occur with extensive dermal or gastrointestinal burns. Hyperkalemia may occur with hemolysis. Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and hyperchloremia have been reported. HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hemolysis may occur following significant acid ingestion. Disseminated intravascular coagulation has been reported. DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Chemical burns to the skin are often associated with concurrent thermal burns and trauma. Complications seen with thermal burns including cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis, may occur as well as systemic toxicity from absorbed acid. Deep or extensive burns may require grafting. 0.2.14.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE o Prolonged or repeated exposure to chromic acid mist can result in dermatitis. Ulcerations may also occur. IMMUNOLOGIC 0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hypersensitivity has been reported. LABORATORY: o Obtain baseline CBC and lytes, if needed. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: SUMMARY EXPOSURE o EMESIS CONTRAINDICATED - Do not induce vomiting, do not give bicarbonate to neutralize. Activated charcoal is of no value. Passing a nasogastric or orogastric tube into the stomach is controversial at this time. o IRRIGATION - Irrigate all contaminated areas with copious amounts of water. ORAL EXPOSURE o MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise is present, dilute immediately with milk or water; use no more than 8 ounces in adults and 4 ounces in children. o GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac is contraindicated. Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent large ingestions; the risk of further mucosal injury must be weighed against potential benefits. C. ENDOSCOPY: Because acid ingestion may cause severe gastric burns with relatively few initial signs and symptoms, endoscopic evaluation is recommended within 24 hours in any patient with a definite history of ingesting a strong acid, even if asymptomatic. If burns are found, follow 10 to 20 days later with a barium swallow. XB D. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: Corticosteroids are controversial. Consider use in second degree burns within 48 hours of ingestion in patients without gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of perforation. Antibiotics are indicated for suspected perforation or infection and in patients receiving corticosteroids. XB E. SURGICAL OPTIONS: Initially, if severe esophageal burns are found a string may be placed in the stomach to facilitate later dilation. Insertion of a specialized nasogastric tube after confirmation of a circumferential burn may prevent strictures. Dilation is indicated after 2 to 4 weeks if strictures are confirmed; if unsuccessful, either colonic intraposition or gastric tube placement may be performed. Consider early laparotomy in patients with severe esophageal and/or gastric burns. INHALATION EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. o INHALATION INJURY: Administer oxygen, obtain chest x-ray and blood gases and, if pulmonary edema is present, consider PEEP. Steroids may provide benefit but antibiotics are useful only if there is evidence of infection. 1. Evaluate for esophageal and other burns in severe cases. 2. Monitor patient for respiratory distress; if a cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, and pneumonia. EYE EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Exposed eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. o IRRIGATION: In a medical facility, irrigate with sterile saline for at least an hour or until the superior and inferior cul-de-sacs have been examined for particulate matter and returned to neutrality (pH paper touched to lower cul-de-sac). o EYE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: It may take 48 to 72 hours after the burn to correctly assess the degree of ocular damage. The basis of such an evaluation is the degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening. o EYE DAMAGE TREATMENT: If ocular damage is minor, topical mydriatics and antibiotics may be sufficient. If more extensive, one or more of the following may be tried, only with ophthalmologic consultation: acetazolamide, timolol, steroids, EDTA, cysteine, NAC, penicillamine, tetracycline, soft contact lenses, insertion of a methylmethacrylate ring, or saran wrap suturing. DERMAL EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Wash exposed area extremely thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. RANGE OF TOXICITY: o Undiluted acids are caustic especially to the oropharynx and pyloric end of the stomach. Dilute solutions are less hazardous. ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: ... DEATH OF 2 OUT OF SIX HORSES DOSED ... WITH 15 L OF A 2.5% SOLUTION OF ACETIC ACID; TWO OTHER HORSES WERE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED AND ALL SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF ENTERITIS. ... DULLNESS, LOSS OF APPETITE, RED AND JAUNDICED APPEARANCE OF THE VISIBLE MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND RAPID PULSE AND RESPIRATION. POST MORTEM FINDINGS INCLUDED HEMORRHAGES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE AND ITS MESENTERY, HYPEREMIA OF THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES, DIPHTHERITIC INFLAMMATION OF THE SMALL COLON WITH SUBSEROUS HEMORRHAGES AND EDEMA OF THE RECTUM. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 171]**PEER REVIEWED** ... CONCN OF ACETIC ACID OF 0.5% OR MORE WERE FATAL TO RABBITS IF GIVEN ORALLY OR PER RECTUM. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 171]**PEER REVIEWED** STUDIES ON EFFECT OF ACETIC ACID ON GUINEA PIG SKIN INDICATE THAT CONCN FROM 80% TO GLACIAL PRODUCE SEVERE BURNS; FROM 50-80%, MODERATE TO SEVERE BURNS; & BELOW 50%, RELATIVELY MILD INJURY. [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1778]**PEER REVIEWED** Suckling rats were exposed to one of three soln, 2.6X10-3 M lead acetate, 5X10-3 M acetic acid or water, from parturition until the pups were 18 days old. Male offspring from dams on acetic acid demonstrated above normal preweaning body weights and were significantly less active than normals in the open field by day 44. [Barrett J, Livesey PJ; Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4 (1): 105-8 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid is harmful to aquatic life. High concentrations will produce pH levels toxic to oxidizing bacteria, inhibiting oxygen demand. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Liquid glacial acetic acid causes devastating injury when applied to the eyes of rabbits. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 39]**PEER REVIEWED** /ACETIC ACID/ ... PENETRATES INTACT CORNEAL EPITHELIUM RAPIDLY & REACHES IRIS IN CONCN HIGH ENOUGH TO CAUSE IRITIS. [Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 589]**PEER REVIEWED** Ethanol and its metabolites acetaldehyde and acetic acid were injected into the eggs during incubation, and the course of the egg development was observed during 21 days covering 3 stages (early, middle, and terminal). Lethal eggs occurred mainly in the early stage. The toxicity was the highest for acetaldehyde, followed by ethanol and acetic acid in decreasing order. Chickens with some deformities were hatched from treated eggs. A strong resemblance was shown between the deformities in the chickens during the early stage of development and the fetal alc syndrome in man at the 3rd month of gestation. [Kawamoto K; Nichidai Igaku Zasshi 40 (3): 249-59 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Inhalation of 16,000 ppm killed one of six exposed rats. ... Minor changes in respiration in guinea pigs inhaling 5 ppm acetic acid, with more pronounced effects at 100 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 6]**PEER REVIEWED** A major class of disinfection by-products found in drinking water are the haloacetic acids. Haloacetic acids can be formed by a variety of processes, e.g. chloroacetic acids can be formed during chlorination and bromoacetic acids can be by-products of ozonation. Both dichloro- and trichloroacetic acids have been reported to be teratogenic. There is little information regarding the developmental toxicity of bromoacetates and no structure-activity analysis of haloacetates. Therefore, 3-6 somite CD-1 mouse embryos were exposed to acetic acid (AA), or mono (M), di (D), and tri (T) substituted chloro (C) or bromo (B)-acetic acids (A) (e.g. DCA= dichloroacetic acid) in whole embryo culture and the morphological effects were evaluated. Conceptuses exposed to these agents for 24 hours exhibited malformations. Neural tube defects ranged from prosencephalic hypoplasia to non-closure throughout the cranial region. Other craniofacial defects included optic, otic and pharyngeal arch dysmorphogenesis. Benchmark concentrations (BC) for a 5% increase in NTDs for the studied chemicals in order of increasing potency are dichloroacetic acid (2452 uM)less than acetic acid (1888 uM) less than tribromoacetic acid (1403 uM) less than trichloroacetic acid (1336 uM) less than dibromoacetic acid (162 uM) less than monochloroacetic acid (91.5 uM) less than monobromoacetic acid (2.68 uM). Quantitative structure-activity relationships were derived from these data and other (iodo(I) and fluoro (F)) haloacetic acid data not presented (monoiodoacetic acid, monofluoroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid). The best regression was derived by excluding acetic acid (n=10) and relating log (1/BC) to Elumo and pKa with r = 0.96, adj.r2 = 0.90. These studies indicate that all of the haloacetates can directly alter development and there is a wide range of concentration that produce dysmorphogenesis. [Rogers EH et al; Teratology 51 (3): 195 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Guinea pig inhalation 5,000 ppm/1 hr [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Mouse inhalation 5,000 ppm/1 hr [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LDL0 Rabbit rectal 600 mg/kg [ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Pseudomonas putida (bacteria) 2850 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Rat oral 3.53 g/kg [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 9]**PEER REVIEWED** ECOTOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Fathead minnows > 315 mg/l/1 hr; 122 mg/l/24 hr; 92 mg/l/48 hr; 88 mg/l/72 hr; 88 mg/l/96 hr (static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 deg C) [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Fathead minnows 175 mg/l/1 hr; 106 mg/l/24 hr; 106 mg/l/48 hr; 79 mg/l/72 hr; 79 mg/l/96 hr (static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 deg C, pH < 5.9) [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Culex (larvae) 1,500 mg/l/24-48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LD0 Creek chub 100 mg/l/24 hr; Detroit river /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** LD100 Creek chub 200 mg/l/24 hr; Detroit river /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Daphnia magna (Arthropoda) 47 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Bluegill 75 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Lepomis macrochirus 100-1000 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Mosquito fish 251 mg/l/24-96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Goldfish: lethal dose at 423 mg/l 20 hr, period of survival at pH 6.8 is 48 hr to 4 days at 100 ppm; period of survival at pH 7.3 is 4 days at 10 ppm [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Sunfish 75 mg/l/96 hr 18-20 deg C, soft water [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Shrimp 100-300 mg/l/48 hr aerated water [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Brine shrimp 22 mg/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Microcystis aeruginosa (algae) 90 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Scenedesmus quadricauda (green algae) 4000 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa) 78 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 1350 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Brine shrimp (Arthropoda) 42-32 mg/l/24-48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Corn fumigation 50.1 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Soybean fumigation 20.1 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Tobacco fumigation 41.2 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Alfalfa fumigation 7.8 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Wheat fumigation 23.3 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS: METABOLISM/METABOLITES: Acetic acid ... is readily metabolized by most tissues and may give rise to the production of ketone bodies as intermediates. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that acetate is incorporated into phospholipids, neutral lipids, sterols, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a variety of human and animal tissue preparations. ... Metabolism of 14(C) acetate in mice resulted in radiolabel associated with the protein fractions of plasma and most major tissues. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 4911]**PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION: Acetic acid is absorbed from the GI tract and through the lung. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 4911]**PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS: The effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid upon testicular production of testosterone was studied utilizing the isolated perfused rat testes. In addition the effects of 4-methylpyrazole and methylene blue were evaluated alone and with the addition of ethanol, finally, the effect of penicillamine alone and with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusion medium was assessed. No changes in testicular light microscopic appearance and ATP content were noted as result of the 2 hr of perfusion. Testosterone production by the isolated perfused testes was reduced in a dose-related manner by the addition of ethanol at 50-150 mg/dl. Moreover, both acetaldehyde and acetic acid, products of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism respectively, also inhibited testicular production of testosterone. In contrast, the addition of 4-methylpyrazole or methylene blue to the perfusion medium did not alter testosterone production significantly when compared to control perfusions without these additives. Both agents, however, completely prevented the adverse effects of ethanol upon testosterone production. Finally, penicillamine prevented completely the reduction of testosterone associated with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusate. Thus, ethanol is a gonadal toxin, acetaldehyde and acetic acid can reduce testosterone production by the isolated perfused rat testes, and the toxic effects of /ethanol/ can be prevented by the addition of drugs known to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevent redox changes, or form Schiff bases with acetaldehyde. [Van Thiel DH et al; Endocrinology 109 (6): 2009-15 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** PHARMACOLOGY: THERAPEUTIC USES: MEDICATION (VET): VESICANT, CAUSTIC, DESTRUCTION OF WARTS [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 19]**PEER REVIEWED** /Acetic acid/ in 5% concn is bactericidal to many types of microorganisms, and it is bacteriostatic at lower concn. It is applied prophylactically as a 1% solution in surgical dressings and as a 0.25% solution during bladder catheterization and for bladder irrigation. Otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas, Candida, or Aspergillus is treated with 2 to 5% solutions. Concn of 5% are applied to extensive burns to suppress the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is quite susceptible. Vaginal douches with 0.25 and 1% solutions are used to treat infections caused by Candida and Trichomonas and also as spermatocides. [Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 961]**PEER REVIEWED** Solutions of 3% to 10% acetic acid (in vinegar) have been shown to rapidly inactivate the penetrating nematocysts of Chironex fleckeri. [Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997. 1795]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS: The antiseptic ... 0.25% acetic acid was directly applied to cultured human fibroblasts to quantitatively assess its cytotoxicity. It was cytotoxic and adversely affected wound healing in an animal model. Comparison of bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of serial dilutions indicated that cellular toxicity exceeded its bacterial potency. ... This experiment provides evidence that 0.25% acetic acid is unsuitable for use in wound care. [Lineaweaver W, et al; Arch Surg 120 (3): 267-70 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS: The effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid upon testicular production of testosterone was studied utilizing the isolated perfused rat testes. In addition the effects of 4-methylpyrazole and methylene blue were evaluated alone and with the addition of ethanol, finally, the effect of penicillamine alone and with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusion medium was assessed. No changes in testicular light microscopic appearance and ATP content were noted as result of the 2 hr of perfusion. Testosterone production by the isolated perfused testes was reduced in a dose-related manner by the addition of ethanol at 50-150 mg/dl. Moreover, both acetaldehyde and acetic acid, products of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism respectively, also inhibited testicular production of testosterone. In contrast, the addition of 4-methylpyrazole or methylene blue to the perfusion medium did not alter testosterone production significantly when compared to control perfusions without these additives. Both agents, however, completely prevented the adverse effects of ethanol upon testosterone production. Finally, penicillamine prevented completely the reduction of testosterone associated with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusate. Thus, ethanol is a gonadal toxin, acetaldehyde and acetic acid can reduce testosterone production by the isolated perfused rat testes, and the toxic effects of /ethanol/ can be prevented by the addition of drugs known to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevent redox changes, or form Schiff bases with acetaldehyde. [Van Thiel DH et al; Endocrinology 109 (6): 2009-15 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE SUMMARY: Acetic acid occurs throughout nature as a normal metabolite of both plants and animals. Acetic acid may also be released to the environment in a variety of waste effluents, in emissions from combustion processes, and in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates acetic acid should exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. Physical removal of vapor-phase acetic acid from the atmosphere occurs via wet deposition processes based on the miscibility of this compound in water. In acetate form, acetic acid has also been detected in atmospheric particulate material. If released to soil, acetic acid is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values, using nearshore marine sediments, ranging from 6.5 to 228. No detectable sorption was measured for acetic acid using two different soil samples and one lake sediment. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a measured Henry's Law constant of 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur based upon the vapor pressure of this compound. Biodegradation in both soil and water is expected to be rapid; a large number of biological screening studies has determined that acetic acid biodegrades readily under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For example, 75% degradation was reported in 14 days using garden soil as an inoculum. Using microbes from 3 polluted surface waters, 36% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 5 days. If released into water, acetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based on aquatic adsorption studies. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based on its measured Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of < 1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Since acetic acid exists ubiquitously in the environment, the general public is continuously exposed to the compound. Primary routes of exposure to acetic acid are through oral consumption of foods and inhalation of air. Occupational exposure occurs through inhalation and dermal contact. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Acetic acid detn in rainwater. [Gillett RW, Ayers GP; Anal Chim Acta 177: 273-7 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 595,346 workers (236,213 of these are female) are potentially exposed to acetic acid in the US(1). Acetic acid occurs ubiquitously and is a normal metabolite in animals; therefore, the general population is continually exposed to the compound. Primary routes of exposure to the general population are through consumption of foods and inhalation of air. Occupational exposure occurs through inhalation and dermal contact(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Emission of acetic acid during extrusion of polyethylene resins was measured as < 0.17 lbs/million lbs for blown film and blow molding and ranged from < 0.17 to 2.0 lbs/million lbs for extrusion coating (higher value for extrusion at higher melt temperature)(1). [(1) Barlow A et al; J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 46: 569-80 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in 2 of 12 human milk samples collected from volunteers in four US cities(1). Acetic acid at 19.9 mg/day was measured from non-specified human emissions(2). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2) Otson R, Fellin P; in Gas Pollut: Charactization and Cycling. Nriagu JO (ed), NY,NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE: AIR INTAKE: Assume ambient atmospheric concns of 0.1-1.6 ug/cu m(1); 2-32 ug/day; WATER INTAKE: insufficient data; FOOD INTAKE: insufficient data(SRC). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** NATURAL POLLUTION SOURCES: Twenty-two acids in ground roast coffees and instant coffees were determined by GLC (gas liquid chromatography) of their silyl derivatives (after preseparation by gel electrophoresis or isotachophoresis). The contribution to the total acidity (which was estimated by titration to pH 8 after cation exchange of the coffee solutions) was calculated for each individual acid. The acids contribute 67% (roast coffee) and 72% (instant coffee) to the total acidity. Citric acid (12.2% in roast coffee/10.7% in instant coffee), acetic acid (11.2%/8.8%) and the high MW acids (8%/9%) contribute to the total acidity. [Engelhardt UH, Maier HG; Z Lebensm-Unters-Forsch 181 (1): 20-3 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid was reported as a reaction product from the biodegradation of petroleum compounds in groundwater(1). Formation of acetic acid can occur via the reaction of olefins with ozone in the atmosphere(2). Decomposition of solid biological wastes produces acetic acid which is readily metabolized by living organisms(3); acetic acid occurs as normal metabolite in both plants and animals(3). It occurs naturally in various vegetation(4). [(1) Cozzarelli IM et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58: 863-77 (1994) (2) Grosjean D; Atmos Environ 26A: 3279-86 (1992) (3) Abrams EF et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources. USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975) (4) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay. Orlando,FL: Academic Press p. 345 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES: Acetic acid's production and use in the manufacture of various chemicals, explosives, lacquers, starch, sugars, wines and vinegar and from wood distillation plants and textile mills(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Atmospheric emissions occur from combustion of biomass, plastics and refuse and in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines(1-3). [(1) Abrams EF et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources. USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975) (2) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay. Orlando, FL: Academic Press p. 345 (1986) (3) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 6.5 to 228, measured in three nearshore marine sediments(2) indicates that acetic acid is expected to have moderate to very high mobility in soil(SRC). No sorption was reported for three different soils/sediments(3). Volatilization of acetic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be important(4,SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(5). The potential for volatilization of acetic acid from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg(6). The major environmental fate process for acetic acid in soil is biodegradation. A large number of biological screening studies have determined that acetic acid biodegrades readily under both aerobic(7-10) and anaerobic(11-13) conditions. Using a modified Organization of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) protocol, 75% degradation was reported in 14 days using garden soil as an inoculum(14). In a second soil study, a half-life of 24 minutes was measured for radiolabeled acetic acid in a soil sample(15). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Sansone JF et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51: 1889-1896 (1987) (3) Von Oepen B et al; Chemosphere 22: 285-304 (1991) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (5) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-24 (1987) (6) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY,NT: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989) (7) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) (8) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (9) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (10) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (11) Kameya T et al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (12) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25: 1549-54 (1991) (13) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988) (14) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (15) Van Beelen P, Fleuren-Kemila AK; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 26: 10-17 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED** AQUATIC FATE: Two aqueous adsorption studies found that acetic acid exists primarily in the water column(1,2). The dominant environmental fate process for acetic acid in water is expected to be biodegradation(SRC). A large number of biological screening studies have determined that acetic acid biodegrades readily under aerobic(3-6) and anaerobic(7-9) conditions. In the AFNOR T 90/103 test, 36% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 5 days using microbes from 3 polluted surface waters(4). Greater than 90% degradation was reported in 3 days using an activated sludge inoculum in the Zahn-Wellens test(3). Acetic acid is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(10,SRC) based on a Henry's Law constant of 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at pH 7(11). According to a classification scheme(12), an estimated BCF of < 1(10,SRC), from a log Kow value(13), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). [(1) Hemphill L, Swanson WS; Proc of the 18th Industrial Waste Conf, Eng Bull Purdue Univ, Lafayette IN 18: 204-17 (1964) (2) Gordon AS, Millero FJ; Microb Ecol 11: 289-98 (1985) (3) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) (4) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (5) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (6) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (7) Kameya T et al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (8) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25: 1549-54 (1991) (9) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988) (10) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (11) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-24 (1987) (12) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (13) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), should exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(3,SRC). Due to its miscibility in water, acetic acid is likely to be removed physically from the atmosphere by wet deposition(5). Over 91% of the total measured acetic acid in an air sample was found in the gas phase(7). In acetate form, acetic acid has also been detected in atmospheric particulate material(4,7). Particulate acetate material may be physically removed by both wet and dry deposition. The size distribution of acetic acid in atmospheric aerosol samples is below 1.0 um diameter, suggesting that acetic acid in particulate form has a gaseous precursor(7). Formic and acetic acid have been identified as the major sources of free acidity in precipitation from remote regions of the world(6). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989) (3) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No.1 (1989) (4) Gregory GL et al; J Geophys Res 91: 8603-12 (1986) (5) Hartmann WR et al; Atmos Environ 23: 1531-33 (1989) (6) Keene WC, Galloway JN; Atmos Environ 18: 2491-7 (1984) (7) Khwaja HA; Atmos Environ 29: 127-39 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION: Biological oxygen demand after 10 days at 20 deg C is: 82% biological oxidation in fresh water and 88% biological oxidation in sea water [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 144]**PEER REVIEWED** Closed bottle test, 5-30 day 51-99% theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD(1). Warburg respirometer, 30-day 60% theoretical BOD, acclimated sewage seed(2). Zahn-Wellens test, > 90% degradation in 3 days using an activated sludge inocula(3). French Association for Standardization (AFNOR) T 90/103 test, 5-day 36% theoretical BOD, microbes from 3 polluted surface waters(4). Standard dilution BOD water, 5-day 57.7% theoretical BOD avg(5). Water-die away tests, 12.3%/hr in estuarine water, 1.0%/hr in Belgian coastal water, 0.06%/hr in open seawater(6). Standard dilution BOD water, 76-96% theoretical BOD in 5-20 days; Seawater dilution, 66-100% theoretical BOD in 5-20 days, sewage inocula(7). Batch aeration in sewage, 99.5% degradation in 24 hr(8). Warburg respirometer, 24-hr 40% theoretical BOD, activated sludge inocula(9). [(1) Fischer WK et al; Wasser-Und Abwasser-Forschung 7: 99-118 (1974) (2) Helfgott TB et al; An Index of Refractory Organics. USEPA-600/2-77-174 (1977) (3) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) (4) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (5) Heukelekian H, Rand MC; J Water Pollut Control Assoc 29: 1040-53 (1955) (6) Billen G et al; Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci 11: 279-94 (1980) (7) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (8) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (9) Malaney GW, Gerhold RM; J Water Pollut Control Fed 41: R18-R33 (1963)]**PEER REVIEWED** Warburg respirometer, 5-day 77% theoretical BOD, sewage inocula(1). Batch aeration, virtual loss of BOD in 6 hr, settled domestic sewage inocula(2). Standard dilution BOD water, 5-day 81.3% theoretical BOD, 5-day 77.6% theoretical BOD(3). Standard dilution BOD water, 5-day 63.2% theoretical BOD, sewage inocula(4). Electrolytic respirometer test, 10-day 87% theoretical BOD(5). Laboratory-scale anaerobic digester, microbial decay coefficient of 0.283/day(6). Modified Organization of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) protocol, 75% degradation in 14 days using garden soil as inocula, > 90% degradation in 14 days using sediment from the Rhine River as inocula(7). Biofilm column study, 95% removal under aerobic conditions, 99% removal under methanogenic conditions(8). [(1) Dias FF, Alexander M; Appl Microbial 22: 1114-8 (1971) (2) Hatfield R; Ind Eng Chem 49: 192-6 (1957) (3) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981) (4) Saito T et al; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 319: 433-4 (1984) (5) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazardous Mater 13: 147-59 (1986) (6) Lin C et al; Water Res 20: 385-94 (1986) (7) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (8) Bouwer EJ, McCarty PL; Ground Water 22: 433-40 (1984) (9) Strayer RF, Tiedje JM; Appl Environ Microbiol 36: 330-40 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED** Laboratory-scale anaerobic digester, microbial decay coefficient of 0.283/day(1). Modified Organization of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) protocol, 75% degradation in 14 days using garden soil as inoculum, > 90% degradation in 14 days using sediment from the Rhine River as inoculum(2). Mineralization of acetic acid, at an initial concn of 1000 ppm in four screening tests, reached 52-76% in 7 days, 71-87% in 84 days, 50% in 5 days, and 80% in 80 days(3). Biofilm column study, 95% removal under aerobic conditions, 99% removal under methanogenic conditions(4). 99-100% anaerobic mineralization was measured for acetic acid, initially at 30 mg C/L, in 7 days in a screening test(5). A rate coefficient of 0.35 per day was reported for acetic acid, initially at 2000 ppm, in an anaerobic batch digestion experiment(6). Acetic acid, added to an aquifer solids slurry, was biodegraded with an aerobic first-order rate constant of 3.79 per day; a turnover time of 60.8 hours was calculated from this data(7). A half-life of 24 minutes was measured for radiolabeled acetic acid in a soil sample(8). Acetic acid, present in rainwater at 2 to 17 um, was biodegraded by bacteria found in the rainwater with a turnover rate constant of 0.07 to 0.17 per hour(9). [(1) Lin C et al; Water Res 20: 385-94 (1986) (2) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (3) Huddleston RL et al; In: Water Resour Symp 13(Land Treat.: Hazard Waste Manage Altern): 41-61 (1986) (4) Bouwer EJ, McCarty PL; Ground Water 22: 433-40 (1984) (5) Kameya T et al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (6) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25: 1549-54 (1991) (7) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988) (8) Van Beelen P, Fleuren-Kemila AK; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 26: 10-17 (1993) (10) Herlihy LJ et al; Atmos Environ 21: 2397-402 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL ABIOTIC DEGRADATION: The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 7.40X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of acetic acid with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution is approximately 0.48-0.85X10+8 L/mol-sec(2,3); if the hydroxyl radical concn of sunlit natural water is assumed to be 1X10-17 moles/L(4), the half-life would be approximately 26-46 years(SRC). Carboxylic acids are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(5). [(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No. 1 (1989) (2) Anbar M, Neta P; Int J Appl Radiation and Isotopes 18: 493-523 (1967) (3) Dorfman LM, Adams GE; Reactivity of Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution, NSRD-NBS-46 Washington,DC: Natl Bureau of Standards (1973) (4) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980) (5) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill p. 7-4 (1982)(2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park,CA: SRI International (1987) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION: Acetic acid shows no potential for biological accumulation or food chain contamination. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** An estimated BCF of < 1 was calculated for acetic acid(SRC), using a log Kow value of -0.17(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). [(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. ACS: Washington,DC (1995) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED** SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY: In 24 hr aqueous adsorption studies using montmorillonite and kaolinite clay adsorbents, 2.4-30.4% of added acetic acid was observed to be in the adsorbed phase(1). In adsorption studies using the adsorbent hydroxyapatite (a mineral which occurs in the environment as a result of the diagenesis of skeletal apatite), only 5% of added acetic acid (in aqueous solution) became adsorbed to the hydroxyapatite(2). Acetic acid has been noted to leach from biological disposal areas(3). 9 to 23% adsorption of acetic acid to 3 nearshore marine sediments collected from three different locations (clastic mud, 3.5% organic carbon; lateritic muddy sand, 1.3% organic carbon; fine carbonate sand; 0.17% organic carbon) was measured; Kd values of 0.65 (Koc=228), 0.085 (Koc=6.5), and 0.046 (Koc=27) were measured for the clastic mud, muddy sand, and carbonate sand, respectively(4). No detectable sorption was measured for acetic acid using the OECD Guideline 106 method; three different soils were used, an acidic forest soil, an agricultural soil, and a lake sediment(5). [(1) Hemphill L, Swanson WS; Proc of the 18th Industrial Waste Conf, Eng Bull Purdue Univ, Lafayette IN 18: 204-17 (1964) (2) Gordon AS, Millero FJ; Microb Ecol 11: 289-98 (1985) (3) Abrams EF et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources. USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975) (4) Sansone JF et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51: 1889-1896 (1987) (5) Von Oepen B et al; Chemosphere 22: 285-304 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid has a pKa of 4.76 at 25 deg C(1); therefore, it will exist predominantly in the anionic form in the environment. The adsorption characteristics of an anionic species may be different from the neutral species, and cannot be predicted adequately without experimental data(SRC). [(1) Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. NY,NY: Pergamon Press. (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** VOLATILIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL: The Henry's Law constant for acetic acid has been measured to range from 1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole at pH 4 to 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at pH 7(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). These Henry's Law constant values(1) suggest that volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of acetic acid from dry soil surfaces may exist based on a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg(2), determined from a fragment constant method(3). [(1) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-24 (1987) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS: GROUNDWATER: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in groundwater from a landfill well in Norman, OK in 1972(1). Levels of 0.66-4.60 ppm were identified in groundwater below a closed wood treatment facility in Pensacola, FL in 1984(2). Acetic acid was qualitatively identified in groundwater associated with an Australian quarry where dumping of organic wastes had occurred(3). Acetic acid was measured in the groundwater downgradient of the Bemidji oil spill in 1990 at concns from 1.47 to 12.5 uM(4). Acetic acid was reported in groundwater at a concn of 43 ug/l in a shallow coastal plain aquifer near Atlantic City, NJ in 1990(5). Acetic acid at concns from 3.52 to 67.1 mg/l was measured in groundwater from the Pensacola, FL aquifer which had been contaminated with wood-preserving chemicals(6). [(1) Dunlap WJ et al; Organic Pollutants Contributed to Ground Water by a Landfill. USEPA-600/0-76-004 p. 106 (1976) (2) Goerlitz DF et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 955-61 (1985) (3) Stepan S et al; Austral Water Resources Council Conf Ser 1: 415-24 (1981) (4) Cozzarelli IM et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58: 863-77 (1994) (5) Cozzarelli IM et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 458-69 (1995) (6) Goerlitz DF; in Environ Sci Polut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contamination and Analysis at Hazardous Waste Sites): 295-355 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE WATER: Acetic acid was detected at concns of 12-198 ppb in the Scheldt estuary in Belgium during 1977-8(1). Levels of 75-300 ppb were found at various depths of Lake Kizaki in Japan(2). Concns of 13-72, 6-12, and 25 ppb were detected in Ohio, Little Miami, and Tannes Rivers, respectively(3). Concns generally below 0.1 ppb were monitored in the Lee River in Great Britain(4). [(1) Billen G et al; Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci 11: 279-94 (1980) (2) Hama T, Handa N; Jap J Limnol 42: 8-19 (1981) (3) Murtaugh JJ, Bunch RL; J Water Pollut Control Fed 37: 410-5 (1965) (4) Waggot A; Chem Water Reuse 2: 55-9 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** SEAWATER: Acetic acid was detected at concns of 2.4-144 ppb near the Belgian coast and 12-240 ppb near Calais on the English Channel during 1977-8 monitoring(1). [(1) Billen G et al; Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci 11: 279-94 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** RAIN/SNOW: Rainwater collected in Wilmington, NC between 1987 and 1990 contained acetic acid from 1.3 to 8.4 uM; concns were highly correlated with hydrogen ion, nitrate, and non-sea-salt sulfate(1). Higher concns were reported for local thunderstorms and were lowest in maritime storm rain(1). Rainwater collected by event during January to March 1985 at Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, contained acetic acid at concns from 0.1 to 0.4 ppm; snow contained acetic acid at concns from trace quantities to 0.3 ppm(2). Rainwater and snow collected at different locations, both urban and nonurban, in southern California from 1982 to 1984 contained acetic acid at 0.37 to 13.45 uM(3). Acetic acid was measured in cloud water obtained at a forested ridge top in central Virginia, September 1990, at 2.8 to 7.4 uM(4). Fogwater obtained from Corvallis, OR in 1989 contained acetic acid at concns from 8.3 to 233.1 uN(5). Acetic acid was measured in both dew and fog from Altos de Pipe, Venezuala at concns from 4.9-15.2uM and 4.3-12.7 uM, respectively(6). [(1) Avery GB Jr et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1875-80 (1991) (2) Hoffman WA Jr, Tanner RL; Detection of Organic Acids in Atmospheric Precipitation. BNL-51922 (NTIS DE86 005294). Brookhaven National Laboratory. Environ Chem Div Dept Appl Sci. (1986) (3) Kawamura K et al; Atmos Environ 30: 1035-52 (1996) (4) Keene WC et al; J Geophys Res 100: 9345-57 (1995) (5) Muir PS; J Air Waste Manage 41: 32-38 (1991) (6) Sanhueza E et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 1421-26 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED** EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in wastewater effluents from publicly owned treatment works (POTW) in Decatur and Bensenville, IL(1). Acetic acid concns of 125 ppm were identified in wastewaters from a coal gasification facility in North Dakota(2). Wastewater from a shale oil process in Australia contained 140 ppm acetic acid(3). Acetic acid was detected in leachate from a sanitary landfill in Barcelona, Spain(4). Acetic acid has reportedly been detected in wastewater effluents from chemical, resin, and paper manufacturing plants, from various landfill leachates, and from sewage treatment facilities(5,10). Acetic acid is released to water during manufacture of dimethyl terephthalate and acetaldehyde, and to air during the production of acrylic acid and acrylic ester(6). Acetic acid was emitted at a mean concn of 0.22 mg/sq m/hr from article board with attached carpet using a test chamber method(7). Using a large-scale environmental chamber, acetic acid was identified in the emission from a carpet with a PVC backing(8). Acetic acid was identified in the emissions from rubberized jute cushions at unreported concns(9). [(1) Ellis DD et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11: 373-82 (1982) (2) Giabbai MF et al; Intern J Environ Anal Chem 20: 113-29 (1985) (3) Dobison KR et al; Water Res 19: 849-56 (1985) (4) Albaiges J et al; Water Res 20: 1153-9 (1986) (5) Shackelford WM, Keith LM; Frequency of Organic Compounds Identified in Water. USEPA-600/4-76-062 p. 47-8 (1976) (6) Carpenter CE et al; Toxic Substances J 10: 323-71 (1990) (7) Colombo A et al; Sci Total Environ 91: 237-49 (1990) (8) Hodgson AT et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 43: 316-24 (1993) (9) Schaeffer VH et al; J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 46: 813-20 (1996) (10) Yan CT, Jen JF; Analytica Chimica Acta 259: 259-64 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid was emitted from burning polyethylene as an oxidative degradation product(1). Acetic acid was found in oil-shale gas-condensate retort water and in process retort water at 3.4 mg/l and 1188 mg/l, respectively(2). Acetic acid was identified in the stack emission during waste incineration(3). Acetic acid concns were measured in smoke condensates of Ponderosa pine wood (4.4 g/kg smoldering; 0.34 g/kg flaming), needles (7.6 g/kg smoldering), bark (5.4 g/kg smoldering; 3.3 g/kg self-substained smoldering), litter (2.4 g/kg smoldering; 1.3 g/kg self-substained smoldering), duff (0.85 g/kg smoldering; 0.66 g/kg self-substained smoldering), and humus (0.19 g/kg smoldering)(4). Acetic acid was measured in active compost blower exhaust at 2574 ug/cu-m from a wastewater treatment sludge/wood chip compost pile(5). Acetic acid (concns not reported) was a component of volatile organics collected from garden waste exudate, and in laboratory studies in the head space of waste material.(6). [(1) Hodgkin JH et al; J Macromol Sci-Chem A17: 35-44 (1982) (2) Leenheer JA et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 714-23 (1982) (3) Junk GA, Ford CS; Chemosphere 9: 187-230 (1980) (4) McKenzie LM et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 2047-54 (1995) (5) Van Durme GP et al; Water Environ Res 64: 19-27 (1992) (6) Wilkins K, Larsen K; Chemosphere 32: 2049-2055 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED** SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid concns of 17.3-48.5 mmol/kg wet mud were detected in bottom sediments of Lake Biwa in Japan, however, no acetic acid was found in the interstitial water(1). Concns of 0.133-1.836 mg/g (dry wt) were detected in sediments from Loch Eil in Scotland(2); water removed from sediments contained levels of 0.244-0.251 mg/ml(2). [(1) Maeda H, Kawai A; Bull Japan Soc Sci Fisheries 52: 1205-8 (1986) (2) Miller D et al; Marine Biology 50: 375-83 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS: URBAN/SUBURBAN: Mean atmospheric concns in Los Angeles, CA between July and Sept 1984 were 0.262-3.90 ppb(1). Levels of 1-6 ppb were reported for ambient air in Tucson, AZ(1). Acetic acid concns from a source-dominated coastal site and a smog-receptor inland site ranged from 1.9-3.5 (summer)/4.5-9.4 (fall) and 2.5-5.1 (summer) ppb, respectively(2). Air samples collected from the Pomona College campus, Claremont, CA in September 1985, contained acetic acid at concns from 2.5 to 9.5 ppb(3). Acetic acid was reported in air samples collected from Palm Springs and Perris, CA giving seasonal averages ranging from 0.4-2.3 (high=6.6 ppb) and 0.6 to 2.2 ppb (high=7.8 ppb), respectively(4). Air samples collected from the Citrus College, Glendora, CA, a California South Coast Air Basin smog receptor site, contained acetic acid with 4- and 8-hour averaged concns from 2 to 16 ppb(5). concns of acetic acid over central Germany ranged from 0.72 to 1.24 ppbv for marine influence and continental anticyclone weather, respectively(6). Acetic acid concns, obtained from a semiurban site (Schenectady, NY) over a 2-day period in 1991, ranged from 0.60 to 3.4 ppbv(7). concns of acetic acid in air collected in Uniontown, PA (during summer 1990) and Boston, MA (during summer 1991) ranged from 0-44.6 ppbv (average=9.3 ppbv) to 1.8-14.8 ppbv (average=5.4 ppbv), respectively(8). Air samples collected from Fukaya, Takasaki, and Karuizawa, Japan in 1986, contained average acetic acid concns of 4.71, 3.96, and 3.48 ppb, respectively, due to long-range transport of smog from the coastal region near Tokyo(9). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985) (2) Grosjean D; ACS, Division of Environ Chem. Preprints of papers presented at the 198th ACS Natl Meet. V29(2):210-11 (1989) (3) Grosjean D; Atmos Environ 22: 1637-48 (1988) (4) Grosjean D, Williams ELII; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 42: 805-9 (1992) (5) Grosjean D; Environ Sci Technol 23: 1506-14 (1989) (6) Hartmann WR et al; Atmos Environ 23: 1531-33 (1989) (7) Khwaja HA; Atmos Environ 29: 127-39 (1995) (8) Lawrence JE, Koutrakis P; Environ Sci technol 28: 957-64 (1994) (9) Satsumabayashi H et al; Tellus 41B: 219-29 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** INDOOR AIR: Acetic acid concns of 40-224 ug/cu m were detected in indoor air of homes in Italy(1). Indoor air samples from 26 of 26 houses with Sick Building Syndrome contained acetic acid at a medium relative abundance when compared with other compounds present in that sample(6); acetic acid concns were not given for indoor air from normal houses(2). Acetic acid was measured in indoor air samples from 4 residences in the winter of 1993 (14 samples indoors, mean=15.5 ppb, maximum=19.9 ppb; 8 samples outdoors, mean=1.8 ppb, maximum=3.2 ppb) and in 9 residences in the summer of 1993 (26 samples indoors, mean=17.8 ppb, maximum=33.1 ppb; 17 samples outdoors, mean=2.0 ppb, maximum=6.2 ppb) in Boston, MA(3). 10 (7 indoor, 3 outdoor) of 16 samples (12 indoor, 4 outdoor) from 4 buildings contained acetic acid(4). [(1) Debortoil M et al; Environ Int 12: 343-50 (1986) (2) Kostiainen R; Atmos Environ. 29: 693-702 (1995) (3) Reiss R et al; J Air & Manage Assoc 45: 811-22 (1995) (4) Wallace L et al; Volatile Organic Chemicals in 10 Public-Access Buildings. US EPA report. EPA/600/D-87/152 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** RURAL/REMOTE AIR: The acetic acid concn of the atmospheric aerosol collected over a wet tropical forest in Guyana in 1984 ranged from 2-11 ng/cu m(1). Acetic acid was measured in air samples at four sites along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada (Blodgett, Yosemite, Giant Forest, and Tehachapi, CA) at concns from approximately 0.5 to 13 ppb(2). Acetic acid was measured in air samples from Altos de Pipe, Venezuela at 0.54 (rainy season) to 1.4 (dry season) ppb(3). Air samples collected from semi-rural areas in Austria contained acetic acid; gas-phase concns from 0.4-0.8, 0.4-0.8, and 0.3-0.4 ppb were measured for Exelberg, Raasdorf, and Schoeneben, respectively(4). [(1) Gregory GL et al; J Geophys Res 91: 8603-12 (1986) (2) Harrington RF et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 1843-49 (1993) (3) Sanhueza E et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 1421-26 (1992) (4) Puxbaum H et al; Atmos Environ 22: 2841-50 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED** FOOD SURVEY VALUES: Acetic acid was identified as the major volatile constituent of commercial brown sugars(1); concns ranging from 31-827 ppm were detected in 26 brown sugars collected worldwide(1); the source of the acetic acid in brown sugars collected from bacterial action on sucrose waters used in its production(1). Acetic acid was qualitatively detected as a volatile component of fried bacon, smoked pork, baked potatoes, soy sauce and roasted filbert nuts(2-5). [(1) Godshall MA, DeLuca AJ; J Agric Food Chem 32: 390-3 (1984) (2) Coleman EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981) (3) Ho CT et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 336-42 (1983) (4) Kinlin TE et al; J Agric Food Chem 20: 1021-8 (1972) (5) Shibamato T et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 57-63 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid was measured as a volatile compound in popped popcorn at a concn of 4000 ug/kg(1), and in the extract of edible Korean chamchwi(2), cured pork(3), and volatiles from boiled short-necked clams, clams, and corbicula(4) at unreported concns. Volatile compounds from Bisbee Delicious apples included acetic acid present at concns from 25.6 to 3505.0 pico-l/kg-hr depending on the date of harvest(5). Acetic acid was reported in 7 different wines, ciders, and dessert wines and brandies from Germany at concns from 80 to 363 mg/l(6). [(1) Buttery RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 837-43 (1997) (2) Chung TY et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1693-97 (1993) (3) Hinrichsen LL, Andersen HJ; J Agric Food Chem 42: 1537-42 (1994) (4) Kubota K et al; J Agric Food Chem 39: 1127-30 (1991) (5) Mattheis JP et al; J Agric Food Chem 39: 1902-6 (1991) (6) Sponholz WR et al; Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 85: 247-51 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** PLANT CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid occurs in various plants, such as in essential oil from juniper(1). Acetic acid occurs in tobacco(2). [(1) Nicholas HJ; p. 382-3 in Phytochemistry; Miller LP ed NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold (1973) (2) Johnston RAW, Plimmer JR; Chem Rev 59: 885-936 (1959)]**PEER REVIEWED** FISH/SEAFOOD CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid occurs as a volatile emission product during fish processing(1). [(1) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources, Occurrence, and Bioassay. Orlando, FL: Academic Press p. 345 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** ANIMAL CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid was identified as a component of poultry manure (at concns from 9.17 to 464 mg/kg)(1) and was responsible for a vinegar-like odor(2). [(1) Yasuhara A; J Chrom 387: 371-78 (1987) (2) Burnett WE; Environ Sci Technol 3: 744-9 (1969)]**PEER REVIEWED** MILK CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in 2 of 12 human milk samples collected from volunteers in four US cities(1). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS: Gasoline engine exhaust from a 1982 Toyota Corolla contained 31.81 ppb acetic acid(1). New motor oil contained 5.3 nmol/mL acetic acid while used motor oil contained 145 nmol/ml. Acetic acid has been identified in tobacco smoke(2). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985) (2) Johnson RAW, Plimmer JR; Chem Rev 59: 885-936 (1959)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS: FIFRA REQUIREMENTS: Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst (not more than 0.5% of pesticide formulation) in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. [40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Acetic acid is found on List D. Case No: 4001; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 09/91; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Acetic acid; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled." [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.289 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED** CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES: Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS: This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Acetic acid is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. [40 CFR 60.489 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** CLEAN WATER ACT REQUIREMENTS: Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.[40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/90)] **QC REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS: Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). [21 CFR 184.1005 (4/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. [21 CFR 582.1005 (4/1/97]**PEER REVIEWED** ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES: Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst (not more than 0.5% of pesticide formulation) in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. [40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: MOLECULAR FORMULA: C2-H4-O2 **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 60.05 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM: RHOMBIC CRYSTALS ( < 16.6 DEG C MELTING POINT) [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED** Colorless liquid or crystals [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 62 degrees F). Often used in an aqueous solution]. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** ODOR: Pungent [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** Sour, vinegar-like odor. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** TASTE: Vinegar, sour, pungent; Upper taste threshold: 1,000 ppm, Lower taste threshold: 300 ppm [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.81 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** BOILING POINT: 118 DEG C /SRP: at 765 torr/ [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** MELTING POINT: 16.6 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 3-5]**PEER REVIEWED** CORROSIVITY: It is corrosive to metals. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Vapor knockdown water is corrosive. [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** GLACIAL ACETIC ACID (100%) IS HIGHLY CORROSIVE. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-102]**PEER REVIEWED** CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE: CRITICAL TEMP= 611 DEG F= 321.6 DEG C= 594.8 DEG K; CRITICAL PRESSURE= 839 PSIA= 57.1 ATM= 5.78 MN/SQ M [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.0492 @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 3-5]**PEER REVIEWED** DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS: pKa = 4.76 at 25 deg C [Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation constants of organic acids in aqueous solution. IUPAC Chem Data Ser No.23. NY,NY: Pergamon pp.989 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF COMBUSTION: 209.02 kcal/gmole @ 25 deg C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. D-274]**PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: 9,963.9 gcal/gmole [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-672]**PEER REVIEWED** OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: Log Kow = -0.17 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** PH: AQ SOLN 1.0 MOLAR= 2.4; 0.1 MOLAR= 2.9; 0.01 MOLAR= 3.4 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES: MISCIBLE WITH WATER, ALCOHOL, GLYCEROL, ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE IN CARBON DISULFIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** MISCIBLE WITH ACETONE, BENZENE; SOL IN ALCOHOL [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES: MAX ABSORPTION (ALCOHOL): 208 NM (LOG E= 1.5) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-82]**PEER REVIEWED** SADTLER REF NUMBER: 76 (IR, PRISM; V8 (NMR)) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-82]**PEER REVIEWED** INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3718 @ 20 DEG C/D [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** IR: 4819 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** UV: 4-3 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** NMR: 8 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** MASS: 36 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** Intense mass spectral peaks: 43 m/z, 60 m/z [Pfleger, K., H. Maurer and A. Weber. Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons and their Metabolites. Parts I and II. Mass Spectra Indexes. Weinheim, FederalRepublic of Germany. 1985. 47]**PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE TENSION: 28.8 dynes/cm @ 10 deg C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. F-34]**PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR DENSITY: 2.1 (AIR= 1) [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE: 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C /from experimentally derived coefficients/ [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.]**PEER REVIEWED** RELATIVE EVAPORATION RATE: Evaporation rate ... at 25 deg C and a wind speed of 4.5 m/sec (16.1 kg/hr) is 0.24 g/sq m/sec ... evaporation rates of 0.077 g/sq m/sec at 0 deg C and 0.42 g/sq m/sec at 30 deg C ... for wind speed of 4.5 m/sec. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.36 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Evaporation rate (butyl acetate= 1): 0.97 [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** VISCOSITY: 1.22 CENTIPOISES @ 20 DEG C [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: DENSITY: 1.266 @ 16.60 DEG C (SOLID); 1.053 @ 16.67 DEG C (LIQ); CONTRACTS SLIGHTLY ON FREEZING [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 58]**PEER REVIEWED** Heat of fusion: 45.91 cal/g [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-666]**PEER REVIEWED** HYGROSCOPIC [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED** Burning rate: 1.6 mm/min [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.3 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** It weighs 8.8 lb/gal. [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Latent heat of fusion: 11.5 kJ/mole (at melting point); Latent heat of sublimation: 53.2 kJ/mole (25 deg C) (est); Heat of formation: -484.3 kJ/mole (25 deg C); Ionization potential: 10.66 eV; Heat of solution: -1,506 J/mole (25 deg C); Coefficient of thermal expansion: 1.071x10-3/deg C (20 deg C); Thermal conductivity: 1.8x10-3 J/sq cm deg C (25 deg C); Saturation concn: 38 g/cu m (20 deg C); Diffusivity: 0.1064 sq cm/sec (0 deg C), 1.24x10-5 sq cm/sec (in water 25 deg C) [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.4-5 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Sublimes between -35 to 10 deg C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-664]**PEER REVIEWED** Congeals about -14 deg C [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1256]**PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE= 11.4 MM HG @ 20 DEG C [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 82]**PEER REVIEWED** Henry's Law constant = 1X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 deg C [Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid normally exists as a dimer both in the vapor phase and in solution. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 121]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING: DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES: Fire or explosion: Flammable/combustible materials. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Some may polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations only; it is not effective in spill situations. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Evacuation: Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Fire: Some of these materials may react violently with water. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Do not get water inside containers. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Spill or Leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers (except for Hydrazine). Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Fire or explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Some may polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINER. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** ODOR THRESHOLD: Odor Threshold Range: 0.21 to 1.0 ppm [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Detection in air is 24.3 ppm (chemically pure) [ASTM; Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data p.61 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED** Odor low: 2.5 mg/cu m; Odor high: 2,500 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: ... Eye irritation has been noted at a concentration below 10 ppm. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** The vapor of acetic acid is irritating to the eyes and nose, causing lacrimation and hyperemia. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 40]**PEER REVIEWED** Irritating concn: 25 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** Strong irritant to skin & tissue. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Respiratory irritant [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 889]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL: MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME ... [Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 6]**PEER REVIEWED** GIVES OFF FLAMMABLE VAPOR ABOVE FLASH POINT, 109 DEG F. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION: Health: 2. 2= Materials that, on intense or continued (but not chronic) exposure, could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury, including those requiring the use of respiratory protective equipment that has an independent air supply. These materials are hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely if personnel are provided with full-face mask self-contained breathing apparatus that provides complete eye protection. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** Flammability: 2. 2= Includes materials that must be moderately heated before ignition will occur and includes Class II and IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids that readily give off ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in these materials because the materials can be cooled below their flash points. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** Reactivity: 1. 1= Includes materials that are normally stable, but may become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures and materials that will react with water with some release of energy, but not violently. Fires involving these materials should be approached with caution. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** FLAMMABLE LIMITS: LOWER 4%; UPPER 16% [Sunshine, I. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1969. 600]**PEER REVIEWED** FLASH POINT: 103 DEG F (39 DEG C) (CLOSED CUP) [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** 112 deg F (open cup); 104 deg F (closed cup) [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: 426 deg C [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors. If it is necessary to stop a leak, use water spray to protect men attempting to do so. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 49-14]**PEER REVIEWED** /When fighting fire/ use self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED** Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Aqueous soln and glacial/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Corrosive liquid/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving acetic acid. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS & POTENTIAL: VAPORS FORM EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES WITH AIR. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-10]**PEER REVIEWED** Unneutralized, combustible acetic acid should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES: Dangerous in contact with chromic acid, sodium peroxide, nitric acid, or other oxidizing materials. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-10]**PEER REVIEWED** INCOMPATIBILITIES: CARBONATES, HYDROXIDES, MANY OXIDES, & PHOSPHATES ... . [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 9]**PEER REVIEWED** Cooling is necessary to prevent possible explosion from contact of potassium permanganate (or the calcium or sodium salts) with acetic acid [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. Boston MA: Butterworths, 1979. 1032]**PEER REVIEWED** Liquid acetic acid will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** An explosion occurred during initial heating up of a large volume of glacial acetic acid being treated with chromium trioxide. This was attributed to violent interaction of solid chromium trioxide and liquid acetic acid on a hot, exposed steam coil, and subsequent initiation of an explosive mixture of acetic acid vapor and air. The risk has been obviated by using a solution of dichromate in sulfuric acid as oxidant, in place of chromium trioxide. The sulfuric acid is essential, as the solid dichromate moist with acetic acid, obtained by evaporating an acetic acid solution to near-dryness, will explode. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. Boston MA: Butterworths, 1979. 864]**PEER REVIEWED** Potassium hydroxide residue in a catalyst pot reacted violently when acetic acid was added. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-7]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing acetic acid and 2-aminoethanol in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-7]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing glacial acetic acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-6]**PEER REVIEWED** During the preparation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl glutaric acid using 75 g of diallyl methyl carbinol, the material had been ozonized and allowed to stand overnight. Glacial acetic acid had been added and the mixture was being concentrated under vacuum in a desiccator. After 1 1/2 hours the mixture exploded. Previous preparations using 12.6 g were successful. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-74]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing acetic acid and ethylene diamine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-6]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing glacial acetic acid and ethyleneimine in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-6]**PEER REVIEWED** A mixture of ammonium nitrate and acetic acid ignites when warmed, especially if concentrated. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-22]**PEER REVIEWED** In reactions between bromine pentafluoride and acetic acid ... fire and explosions are likely. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-36]**PEER REVIEWED** The reaction between chlorine trifluoride and acetic acid is very violent, sometimes explosive. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-57]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic anhydride was gradually being titrated into a mixture of chromic anhydride and acetic acid in a 20-gallon, glass-lined tank. After 1 1/2 hours of this procedure, the contents of the reactor exploded. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-65]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing glacial acetic acid and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-6]**PEER REVIEWED** With Perchloric Acid: Explosions involving these materials have occurred in electrolytic polishing baths. The violence in some cases approached that of a true high explosive. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Phosphorus isocyanate and ... acetic acid ... react violently. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-162]**PEER REVIEWED** With phosphorus trichloride: Several laboratory explosions have occurred using this reaction to form acetyl chloride. Poor heat control probably caused formation of phosphine. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-163]**PEER REVIEWED** Ignition occurs when potassium t-butoxide reacts with ... acetic acid. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-8]**PEER REVIEWED** During the production of terephthalic acid, n-xylene is oxidized in the presence of acetic acid. During these processes, detonating mixtures may be produced. Addition of a small amount of water may largely eliminate the risk of explosion. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-7]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixing sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-194]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixtures of ... /acetic acid, acetic anhydride & perchloric acid/ have varying degrees of sensitivity to shock. Vapors above the heated mixtures are flammable. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 491M-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Erroneous addition of aqueous acetic acid into a tank of acetic anhydride caused a violent exothermic hydrolysis. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. Boston MA: Butterworths, 1979. 481]**PEER REVIEWED** Strong oxidizers (especially chromic acid, sodium peroxide & nitric acid), strong caustics [Note: Corrosive to metals]. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION: DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, EMITS IRRITATING FUMES. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 12]**PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: A drum contaminated with acetic acid was filled with acetaldehyde. The ensuing exothermic polymerization reaction caused a mild eruption lasting for several hours. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. Boston MA: Butterworths, 1979. 375]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER HAZARDOUS REACTION: When spilled in water all forms will mix rapidly and produce an irritating vapor. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.29 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH: 50 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING: PERSONS WORKING WITH PURE ACID OR CONCN SOLN SHOULD WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, EYE & FACE, ... HAND & ARM PROTECTION, & RESP EQUIPMENT. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 38]**PEER REVIEWED** 500 ppm: Chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s) with a full facepiece or gas mask with an organic vapor canister (chin-style or front- or back-mounted canister) or supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood, or self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 1000 ppm: Type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood operated in continuous-flow mode. Escape: Gas mask with an organic vapor canister (chin-style or front- or back-mounted canister) self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH; Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards p.41 (1981) DHEW (NIOSH) Pub No. 78-210]**PEER REVIEWED** Breakthrough times of greater than one hour were reported by (normally) two or more testers for neoprene, nitrile rubber, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, natural rubber and Vitron. [ACGIH; Guidelines Select of Chem Protect Clothing Volume #1 Field Guide p.37 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with solid or liquid acetic acid or solutions containing 50% or more of acetic acid by weight and to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with solutions containing 10% or more but less than 50% of acetic acid by weight. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Employees should be provided with and required to use dust- and splash-proof safety goggles where there is any possibility of solid or liquid acetic acid or solutions containing acetic acid contacting the eyes. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. / > 10%/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. / > 5%/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] / > 50%/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed. Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Special precautions: Liquid acetic acid will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Clothing contaminated with acetic acid should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of acetic acid from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the acetic acid, the person performing the operation should be informed of acetic acid's hazardous properties. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Employees who handle solid or liquid acetic acid or solutions containing acetic acid should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED** Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with solid or liquid acetic acid or solutions containing 50% or more of acetic acid by weight should be removed immediately and not reworn until the acetic acid is removed from the clothing. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with solutions containing less than 50% but greater than 10% of acetic acid by weight should be removed promptly ad not reworn until the acetic acid is removed from the clothing. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employees' body to solid or liquid acetic acid or solutions containing 50% or more of acetic acid by weight, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. / > 10%/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Air spill - Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment. /Aqueous sol and glacial/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Land spill - Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Aqueous soln and glacial/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard. / > 10%/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** STABILITY/SHELF LIFE: Stable under normal laboratory storage conditions. [Keith, L.H., D.B. Walters, (eds.). Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. Parts I,II,and III. Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985. 36]**PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS: No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED** The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997. 89]**PEER REVIEWED** The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.8100 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS: PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. DETACHED STORAGE IS PREFERRED. SEPARATE FROM OXIDIZING MATERIALS & AVOID STORAGE NEAR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. KEEP ABOVE ITS FREEZING POINT (62 DEG F) TO AVOID RUPTURE OF CARBOYS AND GLASS CONTAINERS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-10]**PEER REVIEWED** Segregation same as for flammable liquids. Glass carboys in hampers prohibited under deck. /Glacial acetic acid or over 80% acid soln/ [Bureau of Explosives; Hazardous Matls Regs of DOT p.99 (1985) ICC No. BOE-6000E]**PEER REVIEWED** CONTAINERS: GLASS AND POLYETHYLENE CARBOYS & POLYETHYLENE-LINED DRUMS, TANK BARGES. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 49-14]**PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with caustic soda or soda ash. [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Water spill: Add caustic soda [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Air spill: apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Remove all ignition sources, ventilate area of spill or leak. If in liquid form, for small quantities, absorb on paper towels ... large quantities can be collected & atomized in suitable combustion chamber, or diluted ... neutralized & flushed into a sewer. If in the solid form, collect in the most safe & convenient manner for reclamation or allow to melt & collect as above. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS: SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED** The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for acetic acid: Activated carbon. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-128 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for acetic acid: Reverse osmosis. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-81 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS: OSHA STANDARDS: Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 10 ppm (25 mg/cu m). [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED** THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES: 8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 10 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 15 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 15]**QC REVIEWED** NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS: Recommended Expoosure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 10 ppm (25 mg/cu m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 15 ppm (37 mg/cu m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH: 50 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 2]**QC REVIEWED** MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION: MAJOR USES: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled." [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.289 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED** Used as a laboratory reagent in chemical and biochemical analysis, in field testing of lead fumes, vinyl chloride determination, uric acid in urine, aniline vapors, and separation of gases. Used in miscellaneous applications for etching compounds for engraving; deliming agent during leather tanning, solvent for organic compounds, and oil well acidizer. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** Used in chemical industry ... as an acidifying and neutralizing agent. Used in canning industries as an additive or flavorant for pickles, fish, meat, candy, and glazes ... used in textile and dye industries as ... dye catalysts, textile finishing, dye after-treatment, and production of nylon and acrylic fibers. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Constituent of photographic fixing baths, hardeners, hypotest solutions, and constituent of microfilm cements. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** FUNGICIDE; WHEN IN COMBINATION WITH PROPIONIC ACID COMBATS ASPERGILLUS, MONASCUS, PENICILLIUM, AND FUSARIUM; IT IS THE SOLVENT IN THE LIQUID-PHASE OXIDATION OF P-XYLENE TO TEREPHTHALIC ACID [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V1 141 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICATION **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICATION (VET) **PEER REVIEWED** Manufacture various acetates, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetate, acetate rayon, plastics and rubber in tanning; as laundry sour; printing calico and dying silk; as acidulant and preservative in foods; solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and many other substances. Widely used in commercial organic syntheses. Pharmaceutic aid. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** Manufacturing of acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, and vinyl acetate monomer; acetic esters; chloroacetic acid; production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, dyes, insecticides, photographic chemicals, etc., food additive (acidulant); latex coagulant; oil-well acidizer; textile printing. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Dyeing auxiliary; etchant (semiconductor manufacture); acidulant (pickles, sauces, ketchup); aluminium brightening agent; laundry sour; Showa Denka allyl alcohol process reagent; Mitsubishi 1,4-butanediol process reagent; solvent (terephthalic acid production) [Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994. 11]**PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS: Eastman Kodak Company, Hq, 343 State Street, Rochester, NY 14650, (716) 724-4000; Eastman Chemical Products, Inc; Tennessee Eastman Division; Production site: Kingsport, TN 37662 [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 429]**PEER REVIEWED** Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Hq, Route 202-206 North, Somerville, NJ 08876, (908) 231-2000; Hoechst Celanese Chemical Group, Inc, 1601 West LBJ Freeway, Dallas, TX 75381-9320, (972) 227-4000; Production sites: Clear Lake, TX 77058; Pampa, TX 79065 [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 429]**PEER REVIEWED** Millennium Petrochemicals Inc., 200 International Circle, Suite 5000, Hunt Valley, MD 21030 (410) 229-4400; Production Site: La Porte, TX 77536 [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 429]**PEER REVIEWED** Sterling Chemicals, Inc, Hq, 1200 Smith Street, Suite 1900, Houston, TX 77002, (713) 650-3700; Production site: Texas City, TX 77590 [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 429]**PEER REVIEWED** Producers: Air Products, Calvert City, KY; Air Products, Pasadena, TX; Quantum, Laporte, TX. [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter. Chemical Profile: Acetic Acid. May 1, 1995]**PEER REVIEWED** METHODS OF MANUFACTURING: OBTAINED FROM DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF WOOD; FROM ACETYLENE & WATER, VIA ACETALDEHYDE BY OXIDN WITH AIR. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** Liquid- and vapor-phase oxidation of petroleum gases (with catalyst); (b)oxidation of acetaldehyde; ) reaction of methanol and carbon monoxide (with catalyst; this is the most cost efficient method and has been in general use for some years); (d) fermentative oxidation of ethanol. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetaldehyde (air oxidation): acetaldehyde + oxygen (Hoechst-Shawinigan process; coproduced with acetic anhydride): acetaldehyde (air oxidation; coproduced with peracetic acid): methanol + carbon monoxide (BASF/Monsanto carbonylation processes): methanol + carbon monoxide (BP acetyls process; coproduced with acetic anhydride): naphtha, heavy (liquid-phase oxidation; coproduced with acetone/methyl ethyl ketone/formic acid/propionic acid): n-butane (Celanese LPO process; coproduced with methanol/ethanol/acetone/methyl ethyl ketone/formic acid/propionic acid/n-butyric acid/methyl formate): acetic anhydride + cotton linters/bleached wood pulp (acetylation/partial hydrolysis; byproduct of cellulose acetate production) [Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994. 11]**PEER REVIEWED** GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION: THE FMC PLANT AT BAYPORT, TX WAS SHUT DOWN IN 1982. PLANTS IDLED OR ON STANDBY IN 1984: BORDEN, GEISMAR, TX; CELANESE, BAY CITY, TX AND CLEAR LAKE, TX; UNION CARBIDE, BROWNSVILLE, TX [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: ACETIC ACID, 1984]**PEER REVIEWED** /GLACIAL ACETIC ACID IS/ CAUSTIC & VESICANT WHEN APPLIED EXTERNALLY & IS OFTEN SOLD UNDER VARIOUS DISGUISES AS CORN SOLVENT. [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1257]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid in water may be determined by titration. [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981. 20]**PEER REVIEWED** Measurements of delta (13)C and (14)C-activity were performed on vinegars from various known sources. Natural vinegar can be distinguished from petrochemical acetic acid by (14)C-analysis. Natural vinegar currently gives values of greater than 112% of modern activity; petrochemical acetic acid yields values of 0% of modern activity. These techniques are applied to a series of retail vinegars. [Krueger DA, Krueger HW; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68 (3): 449-52 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** About half of the world production comes from methanol carbonylation and about one-third from acetaldehyde oxidation. Another tenth of the world capacity can be attributed to butane-naphtha liquid-phase oxidation. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 134]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid, providing the concentration is greater than about 99%, may be stored and shipped in aluminum. Aluminum slowly corrodes forming a layer of basic aluminum acetate that prevents further corrosion. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 134]**PEER REVIEWED** Glacial acetic acid is the pure compound (99.8% min), as distinguished from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 7]**PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: GRADES: USP /UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA/ (GLACIAL, 99.4 WT % & DIL, 36-37 WT %), CP /CHEMICALLY PURE: A GRADE DESIGNATION SIGNIFYING A MINIMUM OF IMPURITIES, BUT NOT 100% PURITY/; TECHNICAL (80; 99.5%); COMMERCIAL (6, 28, 30, 36, 56, 70, 80 & 99.5%); NF /NATIONAL FORMULARY/ (DILUTED; 6.0 G/100 ML). [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 7]**PEER REVIEWED** VINEGAR ACID **PEER REVIEWED** REAGENT GRADE (GLACIAL)-99.7%, USP GRADE GLACIAL-99.5%; AQ ACETIC ACID-28,36,56,70,80,85 AND 90%; LAB REAGENT (AQ)-36% [CONSIDINE, DM; CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ENCYCLOPEDIA, (1974) p.21]**PEER REVIEWED** HOUSEHOLD VINEGAR IS USUALLY 5% ACETIC ACID [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: ACETIC ACID, 1984]**PEER REVIEWED** IMPURITIES: 0.0001% CHLORIDE, 0.00005% LEAD, 0.00002% IRON; 0.015% SULFUR DIOXIDE; 0.001% SULFATE [CONSIDINE, DM; CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ENCYCLOPEDIA, (1974) p.20]**PEER REVIEWED** Water is the chief impurity in acetic acid although other materials such as acetaldehyde, acetic anhydride, formic acid, biacetyl, methyl acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, iron and mercury are also sometimes found. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 121]**PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), 60%; acetic anhydride, including production of cellulose acetate, 10%; esters, 10%; CMT/PTA, 10%; miscellaneous, including textiles and chloroacetic acid, 10%. [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter. Chemical Profile: Acetic Acid. May 1, 1995]**PEER REVIEWED** Demand: 1994: 3.82 billion pounds; 1995: 3.9 billion pounds; 1999 /projected/: 4.2 billion pounds (Figures are for the US and include exports, which were 260 million pounds in 1993, but not imports, which were 25 million pounds.) [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter. Chemical Profile: Acetic Acid. May 1, 1995]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL PROFILE: Acetic acid. Demand: 1988: 3.36 billion lb; 1989: 3.45 billion lb; 1993 /projected/: 3.80 billion lb. (1988 figure includes imports of 193 million lb, much of which was brought in by Hoechst Celanese in response to the outage at Pampa; historically, imports are negligible. All figures include exports.) [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 235 (15): 46 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. PRODUCTION: (1972) 1.01X10+12 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 9.98X10+11 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1984) 1.19X10+12 G /SYNTHETIC/ [USITC.SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1984 p.254]**PEER REVIEWED** 1990 1.71X10+12 G [Chem and Eng News 69 (14): 14 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED** (1990) 3.75 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 70 (15): 17 (4/13/92)]**PEER REVIEWED** (1991) 3.62 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 71 (15): 11 (4/12/93)]**PEER REVIEWED** (1992) 3.59 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 72 (15): 13 (4/11/94)]**PEER REVIEWED** (1993) 3.66 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 72 (15): 13 (4/11/94)]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. IMPORTS: (1972) 4.54X10+7 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 2.72X10+8 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1983) 2.72X10+10 g (EST) [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: ACETIC ACID, 1984]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. EXPORTS: (1972) NEGLIGIBLE [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 2.42X10+9 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1984) 9.17X10+9 g [BUREAU OF CENSUS. US EXPORTS 1984, p.2-78]**PEER REVIEWED** LABORATORY METHODS: CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD /FOR DETERMINATION IN EGGS & EGG PRODUCTS/. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.,p. 13/300 17.042]**PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS: IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AN 8% CROSS-LINKED SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE CATION EXCHANGER WAS USED AS STATIONARY PHASE. ETHANOL ELUENT SUCCESSFULLY SEPARATED ACETIC ACID. [HSU T ET AL; J CHIN CHEM SOC (TAIPEI) 26 (1): 21-4 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SEPARATION ON DETERMINATION IN SEAFOOD [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 15/874 945.52]**PEER REVIEWED** GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD /FOR DETERMINATION IN EGGS & EGG PRODUCTS/. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.,p. 13/300 17.042]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid is determined by titration with 0.1 normal sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.98 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Detection of acetic acid in soil: Concentrations of acetic acid at the ppm level may be detected using a flame ionization detector. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.99 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** A method is described for the determination of volatile organic acids in the atmosphere, motor exhausts, and engine oils. ... The derivatives were analyzed by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. [Kawamura K, et al; Environ Sci Technol 19 (11): 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** Paper chromatographic method for determination in bread. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. 15/793 965.24]**PEER REVIEWED** COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD /FOR DETERMINATION IN FISH & OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS/ [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.,p. 13/312 18.046]**PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method 1603. Analyte: Acetic acid. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography flame ionization detection. For acetic acid, this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.01 mg/sample. The precision/RSD is 0.007 at 0.3 to 5 mg/sample. Applicability: The working range is 2 to 40 ppm (5 to 100 mg/cu m) for a 100 liter air sample. Interferences: Formic acid contains a small amount of acetic acid which gives a significant blank value. High-purity formic acid must be used to achieve an acceptable detection limit. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.,p. 1603-1]**PEER REVIEWED** SAMPLING PROCEDURES: A range of 5 to 50 ppm of acetic acid in air may be determined using a Drager detector tube for acetic acid. A color change of the bluish-violet layer to yellow indicates acetic acid. The color change is based on the reaction between acetic acid and an acid indicator in the reaction ampule. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.97 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method 1603. Analyte: Acetic acid Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 1.0 l/min. Sample Size: 100 liters. Sample Stability: At least 7 days at 25 deg C. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 1603-1]**PEER REVIEWED** Atmospheric organic acids were collected on a potassium hydroxide impregnated quartz filter and derivatized to p-bromophenacyl esters. [Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19 (11): 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** SPECIAL REFERENCES: SPECIAL REPORTS: Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) (1981). Anon; Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984). Other aspects covered in this data sheet: uses and occurrences; toxicology; fire and explosion hazards; exposure control; storage and handling; first aid; exposure limits; chemical and physical properties. SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS: SYNONYMS: Acetic acid, glacial [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry ofToxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file.,p. 86/8604]**PEER REVIEWED** ACIDE ACETIQUE (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED** ACIDO ACETICO (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** AZIJNZUUR (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** ESSIGSAEURE (GERMAN) **PEER REVIEWED** ETHANOIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED** FEMA NUMBER 2006 [Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972. 785]**PEER REVIEWED** GLACIAL ACETIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED** METHANECARBOXYLIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED** OCTOWY KWAS (POLISH) **PEER REVIEWED** Pyroligneous acid [Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Vinegar acid [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Vosol **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: GRADES: USP /UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA/ (GLACIAL, 99.4 WT % & DIL, 36-37 WT %), CP /CHEMICALLY PURE: A GRADE DESIGNATION SIGNIFYING A MINIMUM OF IMPURITIES, BUT NOT 100% PURITY/; TECHNICAL (80; 99.5%); COMMERCIAL (6, 28, 30, 36, 56, 70, 80 & 99.5%); NF /NATIONAL FORMULARY/ (DILUTED; 6.0 G/100 ML). [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 7]**PEER REVIEWED** VINEGAR ACID **PEER REVIEWED** REAGENT GRADE (GLACIAL)-99.7%, USP GRADE GLACIAL-99.5%; AQ ACETIC ACID-28,36,56,70,80,85 AND 90%; LAB REAGENT (AQ)-36% [CONSIDINE, DM; CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ENCYCLOPEDIA, (1974) p.21]**PEER REVIEWED** HOUSEHOLD VINEGAR IS USUALLY 5% ACETIC ACID [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: ACETIC ACID, 1984]**PEER REVIEWED** SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO: UN 2790; Acetic acid (aqueous solution) more than 10% or 25% but not more than 80% acid, by weight. UN 2789; Acetic acid, glacial or acetic acid solution, more than 80% acid, by weight. IMO 8.0; Acetic acid, glacial or acetic acid solution, more than 10% or 25% but not more than 80% or solution, more than 80% acid by weight. STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER: 49 314 01; Acetic acid, aqueous solution 49 313 03; Acetic acid, glacial RTECS NUMBER: NIOSH/AF1225000 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 40 LAST REVISION DATE: 20000612 LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 5/7/1998 UPDATE HISTORY: Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/13/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 10/29/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/27/1998, 70 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/27/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/11/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/22/1996, 5 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/16/1996, 8 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 04/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/08/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/30/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/04/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/29/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/24/1992, 89 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 01/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/01/1990, 5 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/04/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 32 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 11/09/1988, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 07/06/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 07/06/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 07/05/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/04/1987 RECORD LENGTH: 175697 Better Health Through Better Dialysis Content copyright 2005 Arlene Mullin and 4byte4.com |
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